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Gordon Brown and Sir John Major want a new international tribunal to be set up and investigate Vladimir Putin for his actions in Ukraine.
The former PMs are among 140 academics, lawyers and politicians to sign a petition calling for a legal system modelled on the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals after World War Two.
But some say its powers are limited.
The ICC cannot pursue the crime of aggression without a referral from the UN security council, which Russia could veto.
Writing in the Daily Mail, Mr Brown said creating a new tribunal would close off this "loophole" in international law "that Putin could use to dodge justice".
"We must move with speed, to assure the people of Ukraine that we are committed to action and not just warm words - and we must make Putin's collaborators aware that the noose is tightening. If they do not distance themselves from Putin, they face prosecution and prison," Mr Brown wrote.
It is hoped the tribunal will act in addition to the ICC's current investigations into war crimes.
The campaign has already been backed by 740,000 people - including dozens of public figures.
Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba and the former president of the UK Supreme Court Lady Hale have added their signatures to the petition - as have professor of international law Philippe Sands QC; former prosecutor for the Nuremberg Military Tribunal Benjamin Ferencz; Labour peer Helena Kennedy QC; and former president of the European Court of Human Rights Sir Nicolas Bratza.
Mr Brown continued: "From Britain - which rightly prides itself on democracy and the rule of law - the message must go out. At Nuremberg we held the Nazi war criminals to account. Eight decades on, we must ensure there will be a day of reckoning for Putin."
The Nuremberg trial - named after the German city it was held in - was the first ever international war crimes trial and saw the most notorious Nazis tried for their crimes. The offences included waging a war of aggression, violating the customs of warfare and committing crimes against humanity.
Image source, Getty Images
Image caption,Gordon Brown and Vladimir Putin meeting in 2006
The Kremlin denounced the comments as "unacceptable and unforgiveable rhetoric".
Other leaders to accuse Russian of carrying out war crimes include Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
Russian forces have been accused of bombing civilian areas in Ukraine and targeting those fleeing.
On Wednesday a theatre where hundreds of civilians were sheltering was hit in the besieged south eastern city of Mariupol. And Ukraine has also called Russia's air strike on Mariupol's hospital a war crime. Three people including a child were killed, officials said.
Peace talks between Russia and Ukraine have been taking place - but UK Foreign Secretary Liz Truss has warned that the Kremlin might be using the negotiations as a "smokescreen".
In an interview with the Times newspaper, she said: "If a country is serious about negotiations, it doesn't indiscriminately bomb civilians that day."
Meanwhile, the UK government has said that two million medical items have been donated to Ukraine, including painkillers, insulin shots and intensive care equipment.
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