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Voters are going to the polls to elect new MPs in the constituencies of Mid Bedfordshire and Tamworth in England.
The by-elections will decide who replaces Nadine Dorries in Mid Bedfordshire and Chris Pincher in Tamworth after the Conservative MPs stood down.
Polling stations opened at 07:00 BST and will close at 22:00, with results expected from early on Friday morning.
Constituents in both seats will need photo ID to vote in the by-elections.
The by-election in Mid Bedfordshire was triggered by the resignation of Ms Dorries in August.
In 2019, the former culture secretary had a majority of 24,664 in a constituency that has been won by the Tories since 1931.
The by-election in Tamworth followed the resignation of Chris Pincher in September.
The former Conservative deputy whip was elected to the seat with a majority of more than 19,000 in 2019.
There are 13 candidates on the ballot paper in Mid Bedfordshire, and nine in Tamworth.
You can follow coverage of the by-elections on our live page, BBC Three Counties Radio and BBC Radio WM.