South Africa's last zoo elephant freed after 40 years

South Africa’s last zoo elephant has been released back into the wild after 40 years of captivity.

The elephant, named Charlie, was captured in 1984 from Zimbabwe’s Hwange national park when he was two years old.

He was taken to Boswell Wilkie Circus in South Africa and trained to perform tricks. In the early 2000s he was transferred to the country’s only national zoo.

In recent years, animal welfare groups have pushed for the elephant to be freed due to concern for his health.

On Tuesday, EMS Foundation, which advocates for the rights of wildlife, announced that after “a nail-biting four-hour trip to freedom” the elephant had arrived at his new home at the Shambala Private Reserve in Limpopo province.

It said the “historic event” followed years of negotiation with the South African government, after EMS Foundation and its partners provided scientific evidence to show that elephants suffer in zoos.

At the zoo, Charlie the elephant is said to have witnessed the death of four other elephants, including his own calf which was less than a month old.

In 2019, concerns were raised that the elephant was showing signs of distress common with animals in captivity.

The South African National Biodiversity Institute, which runs the zoo, denied it, saying it was behaviour learnt from years of circus life that would never be completely unlearned. EMS Foundation said this was “inaccurate”.

On Tuesday, animal welfare organisation Four Paws, which collaborated with EMS Foundation, said the elephant's "retirement was an important milestone for elephant Charlie but also for better animal welfare in South Africa”.

“Together with our partners, we have been working tirelessly to end the loneliness of Charlie to see him thrive in his new species appropriate home,” said Josef Pfabigan, Four Paws chief executive.

The elephant’s new home is a 10,000-hectare reserve with a thriving population of elephants, known to successfully reintegrate animals back into the wild.

While there, Charlie will be closely monitored by veterinary and behavioural experts.

“Our dream is that at his own pace, Charlie will learn to be the elephant he was always meant to be, and that soon, he will meet up and integrate into the existing elephant community on Shambala,” EMS Foundation said.

Dr Amir Khalil, a veterinarian who led the transfer of the elephant, told the BBC that despite the residual effects of abuse in captivity, “there is always a chance of recovery”.

On concerns about how Charlie would cope with the new environment, he said there were already positive signs of settling in and Charlie was “very excited to hear other elephants from far away”, with whom he had started to communicate.

Dr Khalil said it would take a while to prepare the elephant to be self-sufficient, but “we must not forget that Charlie was born in the wild. He has spent almost two years with his mother living in freedom”.

He said the elephant was under a rehabilitation and feeding programme, and they planned to release him to an even bigger area in the coming months.

“We are convinced, that step by step he will get used to all these new experiences.”

South Africa has a wild elephant population of more than 25,000, according to the South African parks authority SANparks.

African elephants face threats from poachers, with thousands of them illegally killed each year for their tusks. They also face habitat loss due to expanding human settlements.