Ukraine: How China is censoring online discussion of the war

China has sought to keep a diplomatic distance from the war in Ukraine, choosing to abstain in a UN vote condemning Russia's invasion.

It is also making concerted efforts to stifle strong views about the conflict on Chinese social-media platforms.

It's a fine line to tread. Only last month, Chinese leader Xi Jinping declared there was "no limit" to Beijing's newly strengthened relationship with Russia.

Posts expressing partisan views have been removed on a daily basis - both for and against Russian military action.

"No-one dares to stand with Ukraine right now," wrote one person on Weibo, China's Twitter equivalent. "It's all one-sided support for Russia."

This was removed along with many others like it, according to Free Weibo, which tracks Chinese censorship online.

And a retired Russian general's open letter calling on President Vladimir Putin to step down - shared on the WeChat messaging app prior to the war - has now been blocked.

Some views in support of Russia have also been suppressed.

A "thank you" note posted by the official Weibo account of Russia's state-controlled news network RT, expressing gratitude to the Chinese for their support, was taken down, as was this Weibo post: "I'm glad that Russia has taken the initiative to undertake the difficult task of fighting the neo-Nazis in Ukraine. The sanctions imposed on Russia are unacceptable."

Social-media platforms in China receive constant guidance from the government on how to deal with specific content and are under pressure to follow this.

One such instruction was allegedly leaked and reported by the China Digital Times.

It was said to have been issued to media by the central regulator the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) this month, calling on "commercial websites, local and self-published media'' not to "conduct livestreams or use hashtags" about the Ukraine conflict.

It also "strictly prohibited the reposting of foreign media reports" or putting up "malicious messages" favouring one side or another.

China media expert Sarah Cook says: "It looks absolutely authentic to me. The source is credible and the instructions given match past patterns of media control."

The platforms have been removing a range of posts seen to be disruptive or dangerous, since the invasion.

Official and mainstream media carry regular reports on the situation in Ukraine but have stopped short of calling Russia's actions a "war" or "invasion".

Doublethink Lab, which has been tracking disinformation attempts in real time, has pointed out the Chinese media are "regularly quoting disinformation and conspiracy theories from Russian sources".

False claims, such as that the Ukrainians set fire to their own nuclear plant, are repeated by Chinese media with little attempt to challenge them.

There is also very little reporting on the resistance from the Ukraine side nor the wider Western response to Russia's invasion.

"In my view, the censorship over Ukraine content is imbalanced... with comments and voices that run counter to the official [Chinese] position being much more heavily targeted than other views," Ms Cook says.

Where criticism of events in Ukraine does appear, it is often directed at the United States, placing the blame on it for fanning the flames of the conflict.

In one article published in China's Global Times, the US is accused of profiteering from selling weapons to Ukraine.

In another, the US is accused of releasing "disinformation on the Ukraine crisis to smear China".

Russia's state-controlled media have a long-standing presence in mainland China, where most foreign news websites are either blocked or heavily censored.

Outlets such as Sputnik have 11.6 million followers on Weibo and are often quoted by Chinese official media as a source in their coverage of the conflict.