Why US banking collapse matters

The value of shares in some banks tumbled around the world after the collapse of two US banks. So how bad is this and what does it mean for you?

When the US president himself goes out of his way to tell people that their money is safe, then you know the government is taking a financial crash seriously.

Joe Biden's assurances on Monday weren't just for the customers of the two failed banks either. There are wider ramifications, in the US and across the world.

Here are five of the big questions, following the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and Signature Bank.

If you bank somewhere else other than the two collapsed banks, your money will not be affected at all. These two banks are in a very different part of the financial system to ordinary bank accounts.

SVB catered largely to start-up tech firms, while Signature Bank was a commercial bank focusing on corporate customers.

President Biden sought to reassure Americans about this, saying: "Your deposits will be there when you need them."

Action taken over the weekend by the Treasury Department, Federal Reserve and the Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation (FDIC) meant even people with bank accounts at SVB and Signature Bank will not lose their money.

Based on the actions taken by the US government, these account holders have now been given a rock solid guarantee saying all the funds in the two banks are safe. Many of them did indeed withdraw their money after that guarantee was made.

The move meant customers and businesses who had been unable to withdraw their money were now able to access it as normal.

Bank shares in the US, Asia and Europe slumped following the collapse of SVB and Signature Bank, as investors fretted about the general state of the banking sector.

Smaller US lenders were particularly hard hit, although they rallied on Tuesday. The initial sell-off came despite them reassuring customers that they had access to enough cash to be able to protect themselves from shocks.

Investors are worried that the failures of the two banks are a sign of troubles at other firms.

Both SVB and Signature Bank had similar characteristics, in that their business models were too concentrated in one sector. They were also overly exposed to assets whose values came under pressure from rising interest rates.

Since most banks spread their exposure across lots of sectors, and also have plenty of cash on hand, the assumption is that the risk to the rest of the banking sector is low.

However, the failures have highlighted the fact that many banks are riskier than they might look, because many will have sustained losses on their investments in government bonds as interest rates soared, pushing their value down.

That's a prospect investors have been waking up to in recent days, and is one reason why bank shares fell.

SVB is a crucial lender for early-stage businesses, so its collapse led to fears about a knock-on impact to many other industries, from climate tech to medical research.

The company is the banking partner for nearly half of US venture-backed technology and healthcare companies that listed on stock markets last year.

And although the UK arm of SVB was small with just over 3,000 business customers, its collapse would have created "a serious risk to some of our most promising companies in technology and life sciences", UK Chancellor Jeremy Hunt said.

One company that was caught up in the fallout was US-based online crafts marketplace Etsy.

Over the weekend, the company said that it had experienced a delay in issuing payments to some sellers related to the collapse of SVB.

It said teams "worked around the clock to implement a solution" and that it was able to issue the deposits on Monday.

In the UK, the government and the Bank of England worked over the weekend to scramble together the HSBC's purchase of SVB, which involved no taxpayer money. HSBC paid just £1 for SVB's UK arm.

In the US, the issue of bank bailouts is a toxic one because anger remains over the Wall Street rescue after the 2008 financial crash.

American regulators have gone even further and created a completely new lending programme. It allows banks that are facing similar problems to use some of their financial assets as the means to get a loan from the Federal Reserve, America's central bank.

This newly created programmeessentially acts as a backstop to make sure banks will be able to meet all the needs of their depositors.

President Biden also said the leadership of any bank that is taken over by the FDIC will be fired, making it clear those responsible will be held responsible. He went further to assure the American people will not pay the price.

"No losses will be borne by the taxpayers. Let me repeat that: No losses will be borne by the taxpayer," Mr Biden said. Instead, the money will come from the fees that banks pay into the Deposit Insurance Fund.

But the reality is most Americans are bank customers. The fees that are charged to banks eventually roll down to the consumer. So even if it's not through their taxes, Americans are in fact, on the hook.

The Federal Reserve has been aggressively raising interest rates to try and slow down the economy. But rising interest rates were partly to blame for this crisis.

Figures out on Tuesday showed US annual inflation at 6% in February, with persistently higher prices highlighting the challenge for the Fed.

Now there is a general nervousness among investors about where the next crisis caused by rising rates could turn up.

Who is it that will be at risk? Some investors and financial analysts are even speculating that the Federal Reserve will stop hiking rates in response to the events of the past few days, or even start cutting.

There is no playbook for this, it is unchartered territory.